Soybeans

Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Frass:

  • Application at 2.5 metric tons per hectare improved edamame plant performance and yield.

  • Application at 2.5 and 5 metric tons per hectare significantly reduced thrips abundance.

  • Supported the diversity and resilience of soil-dwelling arthropods.

  • Increased the abundance of predators, herbivores, and detritivores in soil arthropod communities.

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Red Clover

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Spinach