Soybeans
Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Frass:
Application at 2.5 metric tons per hectare improved edamame plant performance and yield.
Application at 2.5 and 5 metric tons per hectare significantly reduced thrips abundance.
Supported the diversity and resilience of soil-dwelling arthropods.
Increased the abundance of predators, herbivores, and detritivores in soil arthropod communities.